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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
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river further west, and when Colonel C. J. Long’s guns were unmanned by Boer rifle fire. Buller
withdrew rather than lose more men in a futile endeavour. Taken together with the defeats at
Magersfontein and Stormberg, this reverse led to this period being named “Black Week”. The death
of Lord Roberts’s son Freddy of wounds received at Colenso did nothing to improve matters. Public
dismay and political pressure led to Lord Roberts replacing Buller as Commander-in-Chief.
Under Commandant-general Louis Botha, who assumed that the British would attempt to get to
Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela near Colenso, the Boers had established themselves in strong
positions on the hills north of the meandering river. They had ten 75mm guns, a 5-inch howitzer and a
Pom-Pom. The heights were edged with positions for artillery and riflemen behind stone-built walls
and gun-pits. On the east the Boers had crossed the river and occupied the hill, Nhlangwini from
which they planned to string out their artillery in a line to direct at the British right. This exposed
position was held by the Wakkerstroom commando under Joshua Joubert, while the Krugersdorp,
Vryheid and Heidelberg commandos stood north of Colenso village. The western line was held by the
Swaziland Police and the Ermelo and Middelburg commandos.
Buller knew nothing of these details. What he could see easily enough was that the gently sloping
land descended to the winding river beyond which the hills rose sharply. It is said that he lacked a
respectable map, although he may have had or seen the Intelligence Department, War Office, map
number 1449 which was published in 1899. This shows a drift in the Loop and gives an impression of
the river flowing through a valley much more
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