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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
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Boers opened fire. Such farms were burned and, in the view of British troops, rightly so. After
the success of Chief-commandant Christiaan De Wet at Roodewal on 7 June 1900, when the railway
line was compromised, the British Commander-in-Chief, Lord Roberts, proclaimed that farms in the
vicinity of such attacks would be burnt and began with De Wet’s own farm. In September 1900 the
policy was extended to the destruction of all farms and food supplies within ten miles (16km) of the
incident, or when troops were fired on from a farm or if it had been used as a commando base. The
control of implementation of the policy was loose and many British formations felt that they had a
general licence to destroy farms, particularly where a drive or sweep was in progress. In December
1900 the new Commander-in-Chief, Lord Kitchener, confirmed and intensified the land clearance
policy in order to deny support to Boers in the field. In the course of the war some 30,000 houses,
including farms, were destroyed.
See also:
Concentration Camps; Drives; Guerrilla War.
Reference:
Hall, Darrell, ed. Fransjohan Pretorius and Gilbert Torlage, The Hall Handbook of the Anglo-Boer
War (Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press, 1999); Lee, Emanoel, To the Bitter End
(London, Viking, 1985); Pretorius, Fransjohan, The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (Cape Town,
Don Nelson, 1985).
Fawcett, Mrs Millicent Garrett,
1847–1929
The political uproar caused by the revelations in Emily Hobhouse’s report on conditions in the socalled refugee camps forced the British Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick, to appoint a
Ladies’ Committee to visit the concentration camps and report on them. Mrs Millicent Fawcett led the
investigation and, although considered anti-Boer and of Conservative stock by some in Britain, the
Committee largely confirmed Hobhouse’s findings and recommendations.
Millicent Fawcett was the widow of Professor Henry Fawcett, former Postmaster-general, and a
member of the Garrett family that also produced Dr Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who pioneered
women’s rights to practise medicine in Britain. Her committee included Dr Jane Waterston, Miss
Scarlett, Miss Brereton, Lady Knox and Miss Deane. They toured from August to September 1901
and confirmed the facts given in the Hobhouse report, going on to point out fresh dangers, notably the
maladministration at Mafeking. They visited in August and made their views known at once. By
November, nothing had been done to change conditions, and 400 deaths a week were taking place.
Their final report in December (presented to Parliament as Command Paper 893) laid the foundation
for substantial improvement.
Millicent Fawcett was President of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage from 1897 to 1919
and a co-
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