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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
.Article – Online Historic Information | Military
.Page 103
Reference:
Baker, Anthony, Battles & Battlefields of the Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (Milton Keynes, The
Military Press, 1999); Jones, W. T. C., “The Action at Graspan” in Naval Brigades in the South
African War (London, Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1901, reprinted by The London Stamp
Exchange Ltd.); Marix Evans, Martin, The Boer War: South Africa 1899–1902 (Oxford, Osprey
Publishing, 1999).
Great Trek, The
The Great Trek, the movement of the Boers from Cape Colony to lands beyond the Orange and Vaal
rivers, was an attempt to preserve a way of life that became, for their heirs, equivalent to the
movement of a chosen race to their promised land. It served to reinforce not only the conviction they
had of their superiority to black Africans, but also the importance of avoiding contamination by ideas
from other white people holding different views.
The willingness of the Boer population in the British colony at the Cape to tolerate the changes
made between 1806 and 1836 was finite. Piet Uys said: “We have been deprived of all our domestic
authority over the apprenticed coloureds in our homes and on our farms, and this has made these
coloureds so insolent that we are no longer secure in our property and even our lives”. It was not only
the abolition of slavery in 1834, but also acts such as the enforced use of English in schools and in
courts of law and the increasing shortage of land that drove them to leave the colony. From 1835, for
almost ten years, some 14,000 people of Dutch descent migrated inland. In carving new territory for
themselves the Voortrekkers, as they were known, encountered black Africans, some of whom were
engaged in building empires of their own. Battles were fought with the Ndebele in the north by
Hendrick Potgieter, and Piet Retief and Andries Pretorius struggled with the Zulu in the east. The
decisive Battle of Blood River and the associated vow, known as the Covenant, exerted a deep
influence on the Boer people.
The action of trekking, moving on when conditions were no longer acceptable, did not cease in
the 19th century. In the 1920s Deneys Reitz, then a government minister, encountered Trek Boers in
Angola who, dissatisfied with their treatment by the Portuguese, were driving their great ox-wagons
towards the Congo.
See also:
Blood River, Battle of; Dutch Colonisation.
Reference:
Reitz, Deneys, No Outspan (1942, Prescott, Arizona, Wolfe Publishing, 1994); Troup, Freda, South
Africa: An Historical Introduction (London, Eyre Methuen, 1972).
Griqualand
In the confusion of settler expansion in Cape Colony, missionaries encouraged various small groups,
under leaders such as Adam Kok and Andries Waterboer, to set up self-governing black enclaves
along the Orange River and the lands to the north. In 1861 Adam Kok, in response to an
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