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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
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Transvaal during the guerrilla phase of the war and returned to England in November 1901.
See also:
Bergendal, Battle of; Kitchener, General the Rt Hon. Viscount, of Khartoum; Ladysmith, Siege
of; Tugela Heights, Battle of.
Kitchener, General The Rt Hon. Viscount, of Khartoum,
1850–1916
A man of enormous energy and little sensitivity, Herbert Horatio Kitchener is most widely
remembered as a relentless persecutor of Boer women and children and as the builder of the endless
lines of blockhouses intended to entrap Boer commandos. Although there are elements of truth in this,
it is too narrow a description to be satisfactory.
Kitchener joined the Royal Engineers in 1871. He worked on the surveys of Palestine (1874–78)
and Cyprus (1878–82) before becoming commander of the Egyptian Cavalry. He took part in the
attempt to rescue General Gordon from Khartoum. He became Sirdar (commander-in-chief) of the
Anglo-Egyptian army in 1892 and fought a number of actions intended to re-establish British
supremacy. His tactics in the field were unimaginative, but he made skilful use of modern technology
such as the telegraph and the railway.
When confidence in Sir Redvers Buller as Commander-in-Chief in South Africa faded in
December 1899 there were those who advocated Kitchener as his successor. However, Lord Roberts
was preferred, and any doubts about his suitability on the grounds of his age were overcome by
appointing the relatively young Kitchener as his Chief of Staff. Kitchener behaved more as a secondin-command and was often away from headquarters. When Assistant Commandant-general Piet
Cronjé’s army was surrounded at Paardeberg on the way to Bloemfontein, Roberts was ill and
Kitchener assumed command. His field tactics were as unsophisticated as ever, and he ordered
repeated attacks against the skilled riflemen which were far more costly in terms of British casualties
than Buller’s or Methuen’s supposed mistakes had been. Fortunately Roberts soon recovered.
Kitchener was responsible for a major reorganisation of transport arrangements early in 1900. This
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