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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
.Article – Online Historic Information | Military
.Page 175
the policing of the Transvaal, but guerrilla warfare was starting, keeping the whole land a war
zone. The British need to retain the services of local volunteers could not be squared with allowing
others in to do their former jobs, while, at the same time, the refugees not in military service could not
see why they should be prevented from returning. The formation of the South African police force, the
South African Constabulary, was mooted in July 1900 and began later that year under the command of
the hero of Mafeking, Colonel Baden-Powell. In the event it was employed as an arm of the military
power, leaving Milner as frustrated as ever.
See also:
Guerrilla War.
Reference:
Surridge, Keith, Managing the South African War 1899–1902: Politicians v. Generals (London,
The Royal Historical Society/The Boydell Press, 1998).
Mashonaland
The area in what became Rhodesia occupied by the Shona people. They were obliged to share this
area with the migrating Ndebele who established themselves in what became known as Matabeleland.
After the failure of Dr Starr Jameson’s raid on Johannesburg in 1895, the Shona and the Ndebele rose
up and killed many settlers. Whereas Cecil Rhodes negotiated a form of peace with the Ndebele, the
Shona proved less amenable and fought on. They were forced into unconditional surrender and their
chiefs killed.
Reference:
Troup, Freda, South Africa: An Historical Introduction (London, Eyre Methuen, 1972).
Matabeleland
The area in Southern Rhodesia that was settled by the Ndebele under a former subordinate of Shaka,
the Zulu leader. Mzilikazi left Shaka in 1822, moving into what became the Eastern Transvaal. He
added Mguni and Sotho refugees to his following and moved as pressures from the Griqua and the
Voortrekkers bore down on him. The country was the target of expansion and exploitation by Cecil
Rhodes and his friend Dr Starr Jameson carried out a raid there in 1893. After Jameson’s abortive
raid on Johannesburg in 1895 the Ndebele and the Shona rose up and massacred many settlers.
Rhodes managed to defuse the situation at a great conference in the Matopo hills and a form of
consultative government was established.
Reference:
Troup, Freda, South Africa: An Historical Introduction (London, Eyre Methuen, 1972).
Maxim, Sir Hiram,
1840–1916
The American-born inventor, Hiram Maxim, was the creator of the weapon that did most to change
the nature of warfare in the early 20th century – a reliable machine-gun.
Hiram Stevens Maxim was born on 5 February 1840 in Sangerville, Maine, United States. He
was an inventor of
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