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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century

.Article – Online Historic Information | Military
.Page ix

Introduction
The Europeans Arrive
The vast landscape of South Africa has been the setting for innumerable battles since the Dutch first
landed in the Cape in 1652, and no doubt many more before that time of which we have little or no
knowledge. The mission of Jan van Riebeeck, the leader of the first Dutch arrivals of around ninety
men, was to establish a staging point for ships of the Dutch East India Company to reprovision. Van
Riebeeck was to set up a fort and arrange for vegetables to be grown and to purchase cattle from the
indigenous Khoikhoi (known to the Europeans as Hottentots). The scheme was not a success and van
Riebeeck persuaded the directors of the Company to allow Dutch settlers to come unconditionally.
The first of them arrived in 1657. The settlement of Dutch market gardeners was an unhappy
experiment, for those willing to leave their homes and sail so far away were not content with hoeing
rows of beans. They wanted to farm and trade in good earnest which meant expanding beyond the first
little settlement at the Cape of Good Hope. At the south-western tip of the land a peninsula shaped
like a hammer-head divides Table Bay in the north from False Bay in the south and it was seriously
proposed that a channel should be dug between the two to separate the European settlement from
Africa itself. The notion was evidently ridiculous.
Stability was attained for a time under the expansionist reforms of Simon van der Stel in the
1680s. The boundaries of the settlement increased and the village of Stellenbosch was founded.
Modern farming methods produced greater yields of wheat and led to the establishment of vineyards.
The population was swelled with Dutch and German Protestants and, after the Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes in 1685, French Huguenots. Now about 800 strong, they overflowed beyond the
limitations of the original settlement around Cape Town. The van der Stel family became amazingly
wealthy and dominated the economy of the Cape, drawing the disparate nationalities of the farmers
together in resistance to them. This, and their Calvinist religious beliefs, nurtured an independence of
mind in the settlers, which was coupled with a simple faith that they were a chosen people in the eyes
of the Lord, free to go where they pleased and for whom the bounty of the land, including the black
people in it, was a gift from Him.
The search for grazing lands and the quest for game to hunt encouraged the settlers to push
eastwards, putting pressure on the San (Bushmen) of the interior and bringing them into contact with
the Xhosa on the Fish River to the east. It was to meet the challenge of the black African warriors that
the commando was developed, a unit in which all white men over 16 years of age were obliged to
serve, bringing their own horse and rations, and often their own gun. Expeditions were mounted
against the San and continued for more than 100 years. By the end of the 18th century the San had been
virtually exterminated. Khoikhoi society had also been destroyed by the expansion of the Afrikaners
to whom they became servants, after disease had been added to the decay consequent on the steady

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