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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century

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That is, it would have the right to buy arms and undertook to prohibit slavery. Britain agreed to
have no treaties prejudicial to the Orange Free State with non-white nations or to supply them with
arms. Thus the Orange Free State and the republic of Utrecht came into existence.

See also:
Great Trek, The; Sand River Convention, 1852.

Reference:
Troup, Freda, South Africa: An Historical Introduction (London, Eyre Methuen, 1972).

Bloemfontein Conference,
1899
The Bloemfontein Conference of May/June 1899 was almost the last opportunity available to Britain
and the South African Republic (formerly Transvaal) to agree a peaceful solution to their differences.
It failed.
As tension mounted and the threat of war became ever more real, the leaders of the Cape
Afrikaners, Jan Hofmeyr and William Schreiner, persuaded the British to agree to a meeting with
President Kruger of the South African Republic and his secretary of state, the former president of the
Orange Free State, Francis William Reitz. President Steyn offered his capital, Bloemfontein, as the
venue and on 31 May 1899 the parties met there. The Cape Afrikaners had put as much pressure as
possible on the ZAR State Attorney, Jan Smuts, to make concessions to the uitlanders,the foreigners
who had taken up residence in the Republic. After suitable preliminaries had taken up the first day,
Kruger made detailed proposals, taking care to ensure that the Afrikaners would retain domination in
the Republic. Sir Alfred Milner, High Commissioner for South Africa and Lieutenant-Governor of
Cape Colony, was determined not to permit Boer supremacy as it would block his expansionist plans.
On the following Monday the conference broke up with Kruger remarking “it is our country you
want”.

Reference:
Pakenham, Thomas, The Boer War (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979; Abacus, 1992).

Blood River, Battle of,

16 December 1838
The total victory of the Voortrekkers over the Zulu in the battle at the Ncome River in 1838 was taken
by the Boers as a sure sign of the Lord’s favour and a justification of their dominance over the land
and its indigenous people. This conviction underlay the Afrikaner attitudes to British imperialism, to
the rights of uitlanders,or incomers, and to the black African people.
The Voortrekkers, the Boers moving into the African interior to settle, encountered the
opposition of the Zulu and various battles ensued. Under Andries Pretorius an expedition was
mounted to enforce Voortrekker dominance and on 9 December at Danskraal they made a vow known
as the Covenant. This promised the Lord that, if victory was granted to them, they would for ever
observe the day as a sabbath.

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