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Military History – South Africa – Europe – England 19th Century
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issued to allow representatives of the Boers in the field to convene at Vereeniging because the
negotiators required express authority if independence was to be discussed during the negotiations.
The lengthy talks are illustrated by extracts from the minutes in the documents section of this book.
The initial meeting at Vereeniging opened on Thursday 15 May and closed on Saturday 17 May with
instructions to form a commission to meet the British. Then, from 19 to 28 May Louis Botha,
Christiaan De Wet, Koos De la Rey, Judge Hertzog and Jan Smuts negotiated with Lord Milner and
Lord Kitchener. The time was occupied both by talks and by cabled consultations with the British
government in London. On 29 May the peace proposals were taken back to the Vereeniging meeting
for a simple ‘yes or no’ reply. The decision to accept the proposals was taken on Saturday 31 May
and the agreement was signed just after 11 p.m. that evening. President Steyn of the Orange Free State
was very ill and had handed his powers over to De Wet, who signed the document. On behalf of the
South African Republic (Transvaal), Acting President Shalk Burger signed consent.
The final agreement largely followed the Middelburg proposals, with the principal changes of
better terms for Cape Colony rebels, more money to reconstruct the economy and meet Boer state
debts and, to Boer satisfaction and British shame, an undertaking not to consider a change to the status
of black Africans and coloured people prior to the grant of representative government to the former
Boer republics. This last provision, as all understood, would deny civil rights to black Africans and
coloured people for the foreseeable future.
See also:
Klerksdorp Conference; Langs Nek; Middelburg Conference; Documents: Peace Talks.
Reference:
De Wet, Christiaan, Three Years War (London, Archibald Constable, 1902); Jackson, Tabitha, The
Boer War (London, Macmillan, 1999); Pakenham, Thomas, The Boer War (London, Weidenfeld
& Nicolson, 1979; Abacus, 1992); Pretorius, Fransjohan, The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902
(Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1985).
Penkoppe
Boer boys and men up to the age of about twenty years were called penkoppe.The term covered both
those over sixteen years of age who were formally conscripted and younger boys who volunteered to
accompany a commando. They were often the under-age relatives of serving burghers, some of them
as young as twelve.
See also:
Boer Forces.
Reference:
Pretorius, Fransjohan, Life on Commando during the Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (Cape Town,
Human & Rousseau, 1999).
Photography
Although the photographic depiction of war was already well established
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