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Operation Reindeer
Operation Reindeer
This article is about the South African military operation. For other uses of the term, see Operation Reindeer (dis-
ambiguation).
Operation Reindeer, which began on 4 May 1978, was South Africa’s second major military operation in Angola,
the first being Operation Savannah.
The South African operation consisted of an assault by 2 South African Infantry Battalion on two South-West
Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) base complexes, Chetequera and Dombondola, near to the then-South-West
Africa/Angola border; an assault by the elite 32 Battalion on SWAPO’s Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe base complex
around 20 km east of Chetequera; and finally, the attack the operation is most known for — a controversial airborne
assault by paratroopers on Cassinga, a refugee camp and SWAPO’s regional headquarters, 260 km inside Angola.
The operation ended on 10 May 1978.
5.1 Background
Prime Minister John Vorster met his defence advisers in December 1977.[1]:71 They discussed the need to take
stronger measures against SWAPO, moving from the defensive position of reacting to PLAN incursions into SWA/Namibia,
to one were the SADF would conduct pre-emptive attacks on PLAN bases in Angola.[1]:71 All external operational
plans would have to have the approval of the Prime Minister.
Early in 1978, planning begun for Operation Bruilof which involved a combined mechanised infantry and airborne
attack on SWAPO bases around the town of Chetequera, 25km inside Angola.[1]:74 These plans were abandoned and
were expanded into a new plan called Operation Reindeer. This new operation included plans to attack the Chetequera
bases but added the more important objective of attacking the SWAPO headquarters at Cassinga. The date of the
operation was set for the 4 May.[1]:74
5.2 Planning
Operation Reindeer planning identified three targets:
5.2.1 Target Alpha “Moscow”
The target was the former copper mining town of Cassinga which was about 250km inside Angola. Cassinga had been
converted into a SWAPO forward operational HQ and training base for Southern Angola commanded by Commander
Dimo Hamaambo. Intelligence believed that the base contained around 1200 recruits.[1]:75 The base was surrounded
by zigzag trenches and bunkers. The plan involved three stages, an aerial attack by SAAF fighter bombers, followed
by a parachute drop led by Colonel Jan Breytenbach, and lastly the withdrawal of paratroops by helicopter. The
objectives were to destroy the base, capture Commander Dimo Hamaambo,[1]:76 destroy supplies and equipment,
gather intelligence and take prisoners. The last objective was to free POW Sapper Johan van der Mescht.[1]:76
5.2.2 Target Bravo “Vietnam”
This plan was for the attack by the SADF on six bases at Chetequera which included a SWAPO forward HQ for
Western Ovamboland and supply base. Intelligence believed that these bases had a combined total of between 900 and
1000 PLAN insurgents.[1]:75 These bases were heavily defended by trenches and bunkers and contained weapons such
as recoilless guns, RPG-7, 82mm mortars and 14.5mm AA guns. The plan involved an attack by mechanised Battle
Group Juliet of SADF troops of national servicemen and permanent force soldiers commanded by Commandant
Frank Bestbier.[1]:77 A further two independent combat teams would attack the southern most bases. The plan ended
with a withdrawal back over the border.
5.2.3 Target Charlie
The plan involved an attack on the smaller bases and suspected bases east of Chetequera.[1]:75 The attacked would
be carried out by five rifle companies of the 32 Battalion supported by air and artillery units.[1]:77 The commander
would be Commandant Deon Ferreira.
5.3 SADF Order of Battle
Reindeer marked the combat debut of the Ratel infantry fighting vehicle.
The following SADF units took part on the following targets:
5.3.1 Cassinga
Main article: Battle of Cassinga
Composite Parachute Battalion
• Made up of elements from 1, 2 and 3 Parachute Battalions
5.4. BATTLES
17
9 Rifle Platoon
11 Rifle Platoon
2 Hawk Groups from 1 Parachute Battalion
5.3.2 Chetequera and Dombondola
2 South African Infantry Battalion
• Combat Group Juliet (assault on Chetequera)
• Combat Group Joubert (assault on Dombondola)
• Combat Group Serfontein (assault on Dombondola)
5.3.3 Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe
32 Battalion
• 5 Rifle companies
• 81mm mortar platoon
• 140mm artillery troop
• Helicopter gunships
5.4 Battles
5.4.1 Cassinga
Main article: Battle of Cassinga
5.4.2 Chetequera and Dombondola[2]
The plan called for Combat Team Juliet to attack the Chetequera base from the north while Combat Teams Joubert
and Serfontein would cross the border and attack the bases around Dombondola from the south. Juliet crossed the
border around 10 am on 4 May in the new Ratels. They headed east past Dombondola to assemble north of Chetequera
but arrived 90 minutes late due to the condition of the Angolan bush and road tracks. This delayed the air attack
by the SAAF which began around 13h30 with Canberra’s and Buccaneer’s bombing the base. Due to radio delays
between Combat Team Juliet’s forward air controller, the attack by ground forces started late giving PLAN time to
prepare. Thick bush and maize fields interrupted the effectiveness of the mechanised infantry and individual units
found themselves fighting on their own at close quarters in the trenches with rifles and grenades. The initial assault
lasted only 11 minutes before all the units were able to reassemble and at which point it was realised that part of
the base had been missed. The base was attacked again and by 15:30 pm fighting ceased, with the remaining PLAN
forces either killed, surrendered or having escaped into the bush. It was recorded that 248 PLAN member had been
killed and 200 captured while CG Juliet lost 2 men and had 10 wounded. Due to the delay in the start of the operation,
Juliet spent the night in defensive positions in the Angolan bush and returned to the SWA border the next day.
Due to the heavy fighting at Chetequera, the SADF decided to use artillery to bombard the PLAN bases at Chatu
and Dombondola 1 & 2. The two combat groups then crossed the border and headed for their respective targets.
Combat Group Joubert headed off late and then got lost, arriving at the base from the wrong direction and used a
swing manoeuvre with the assistance of a planned artillery bombardment, which never materialised, to attack the
Chatu base. The attack lasted 30 minutes and concluded with its capture and the seizure of weapons. CG Joubert
spent the night in defensive positions and returned the next day to SWA by 10 am with CG Juliet.
Combat Group Serfontein was to assist CG Joubert if required. This was not necessary and so attacked its objective
of Dombondola 2. The base was found to be deserted and was destroyed and weapons captured. Serfontein was then
ready to attack its next objective but the missions were cancelled and the group returned to SWA.
5.4.3 Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe[3]:129-132
The operation to attack the smaller SWAPO bases just north of the SWA border began on the morning of 6 May
1978. Three 32 Battalion companies advanced on the first target, with one company protecting the artillery troop
while the fifth company was held in reserve. On lining up to attack the first target, artillery fire was called in to soften
up the target. Due to an error in the calibration of the artillery pieces, the 32 Battalion units were shelled by their
own side resulting in one death and eighteen wounded. The SA forces retreated south of their intended target to
evacuate their wounded and the first target was attacked the next day after the artillery troop had moved forward. By
the 8 May, SAAF helicopters were added to the attack plan and 32 Battalion troops were airlifted from one target
to another with five SWAPO bases attacked that day. On the 9 May, the operation resumed without air support with
bases being attacked throughout the day. 10 May was followed by further attacks on bases with several being empty
of any enemy forces resulting in some of the 32 Battalion units being returned to the edge of the border. Though
the operation officially ended on the 10 May, the last base was attacked in the early morning of the 11 May with all
SADF forces back over the border by 10h00.
5.5 Aftermath
On the 25 April, several days before the beginning of Operation Reindeer, the South African government had agreed
to the Western nations proposal of a settlement in SWA/Namibia though these proposals had not been accepted by
SWAPO.[1]:74 At the same time the UN General Assembly had begun a 10 day session to discuss South Africa’s
control of South West Africa and which ended on the day before the raid on the 4 May.[1]:75 The Angolan news
agency was the first to report a raid on a refugee camp at Cassinga, on the same day it occurred and this made
international news that evening.[4] Because the South African government had failed to break the news of the raid
first, it lost the initiative to control the flow of information.[5] Finally, on the 5 May, the South African government
responded to the international news of raid by explaining their reasons to the South African public and in later days
had succeeded in convincing them of the importance of conducting the raid.[6] During that day Radio Moscow was
reporting a raid on a refugee camp and by that evening a special session of the UN Security Council was convened at
the request of Angola.[7] Sam Nujoma, SWAPO’s leader, addressed the council calling for an full economic, oil and
arms embargo of South Africa and resulted in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 428.[8] By the 8 May,
SWAPO and its leader Sam Nujoma had left the talks in New York due to a belief that negotiations for a settlement
to the SWA/Namibia question would serve no purpose at this stage.[1]:80 The US representative to the United Nations
would later claim that the Western Nations were a week away from gaining acceptance of their plan and the raid had
destroyed those efforts. As to how many people died in the raid and whether there were women and children killed
during the raid depends on whose side one wants to listen too. Figures from SWAPO and the Angolan government
range from 582 to 624 killed[1]:80 in the Cassinga raid with 400 to 611 wounded and described as a mixture of
combatants and civilians. The South African government figures ranges as high as 1000 PLAN combatants killed for
Operation Reindeer with 200 captured.[1]:77 SADF casualties for Operation Reindeer were 7 dead and 39 wounded.
5.6 See also
• Operation Protea
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 428
5.7 Further reading
• Steenkamp, Willem (1989). South Africa’s border war, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub. ISBN 0620139676.
• Nortje, Piet (2004). 32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa’s elite fighting unit. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
ISBN 1868729141.
5.8. REFERENCES
• namibweb.com
• “Operation REINDEER, South African Airborne Assault” (PDF). Strategyandtacticspress.com. 4 May 1978.
• McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003). “The Cassinga Raid” (PDF). UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
5.8 References
[1] Steenkamp, Willem (1989). South Africa’s border war, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub. ISBN 0620139676.
[2] “Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy: Into Angola – Operation Reindeer | Namibia”. Namibweb.com. Retrieved
2014-08-06.
[3] Nortje, Piet (2004). 32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa’s elite fighting unit. Cape Town: Zebra Press. ISBN
1868729141.
[4] McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003) (PDF). The Cassinga Raid. UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012. P. 161
[5] McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003) (PDF). The Cassinga Raid. UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012. P. 174
[6] McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003) (PDF). The Cassinga Raid. UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012. P. 165
[7] McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003) (PDF). The Cassinga Raid. UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012. P. 163
[8] McGill Alexander, Edward (July 2003) (PDF). The Cassinga Raid. UNISA. Retrieved 3 October 2012. P. 164