List Summary >> Previous >> This >> Next
Operation Wallpaper
Operation Wallpaper
Operation Wallpaper (aka Operation Weldmesh)[1] was a military operation by the South African Defence Force
(SADF) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War.[2]
SADF and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) forces defeated a coalition of Cuban and
People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) troops, fighting on behalf of the People’s Movement
for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), in September 1985 around Mavinga. The SADF victory later helped UNITA
militants defeat the MPLA troops in the Battle of Lomba River I.[2]
23.1 Background
In mid 1985, the Angolan government formulated an offensive called Operation Congresso II. The plan called for
the largest ever two frontal attack on UNITA forces in Angola. The Angolan forces were to be advised and led by
Soviet and Cuban military advisors and supported by South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) and African
National Congress (ANC) combatants, as well as tanks, artillery and aircraft. The plan called for a simultaneous attack
on Cazombo in the east and Mavinga in the south-east and to take one or both objectives by 3 September.[3]:213 The
objective of the operation was to split UNITA forces, forcing them to fight on two fronts and therefore weakening
their defensive capability. The potential loss of Mavinga by UNITA could give FAPLA the opportunity to stage a
further attack on UNITA’s capital at Jamba.[3]:213 The South Africans believed that if Mavinga was taken, FAPLA
would move its air defence network southwards, threatening the South African Air Force (SAAF) ability to protect
Jamba from Angolan air attack, making it susceptible to ground attack and opening southern Angola to increased
SWAPO activity into Namibia.[3]:214
The offensive started at the end of July, with UNITA initiating spoiling attacks against the FAPLA columns as they
moved towards their objectives. By the beginning of September, FAPLA had reached the outskirts of UNITA’s
defensive positions around the towns of Cazombo and Mavinga. The SADF involvement would take two parts:
Operation Wallpaper involved the airborne movement of UNITA troops from Cazombo to Mavinga while Operation
Weldmesh concerned the defense of UNITA around Mavinga.[4]:244
23.2 Order of Battle
23.2.1 South African forces[3]:217
32 Battalion
• Three rifle companies
• 81mm mortar group
• Machine gun section
• Assault Pioneer section
60
23.3. BATTLE
61
• Three reconnaissance teams
• Headquarters
Two SA-9 teams
MRL troop
61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion held in reserve in Namibia
23.2.2 UNITA forces[3]:217
2,400 men including 250 men defending Mavinga
23.2.3 Angolan forces[3]:214
• 7th Brigade
• 8th Brigade
• 13th Brigade
• 25th Brigade
23.3 Battle
The Angolan brigades left Cuito Cuanavale on 15 August, with the 8th and 13th following the main road to Mavinga
via the town of Cunjamba and the 7th and 25th moving southwards following the Cunzumbia and Cuzizi rivers and
having reached the Lomba river, flanking left and followed that river to an area north of Mavinga.[3]:217 Operation
Wallpaper came into being on 7 September when the South African Defence Force (SADF) 32 Battalion was given
the go ahead to move to Mavinga.[3]:217 The troops of 32 Battalion and additional attachments were dressed in UNITA
uniforms and flown to Mavinga by the SAAF.[3]:217 All additional equipment was driven across the border to Mavinga.
61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion was placed in reserve.[3]:217 UNITA had deployed 2,400 men to defend the positions
around Mavinga, with 250 men to defend the town and airfield itself. The Angolan forces were now 50 km north
west of Mavinga.
By 8 September the South African equipment had arrived and by 11 September the SADF units were in position to
support UNITA and attack the FAPLA brigades. On the early morning of 12 September the SADF Valkiri multiple
rocket launchers began to strike the FAPLA 8 and 13 Brigades which had stopped to resupply. The MRL attack
ended at daybreak with the Angolan Air Force searching for their positions during daylight hours,[3]:217 but the MRL
attack failed to slow the Angolan brigades and they resumed their advance. By 15 September, all four brigades met
south of the Lomba River, 30 km north west of Mavinga. UNITA and the SADF units had failed to slow or stop
the advance.[3]:217 Meanwhile far to the north, UNITA had to retreat south from Cazombo on the 19 September as
FAPLA took the town.[3]:215 Over a number of nights, the SAAF evacuated at least a 1000 UNITA soldiers from that
region, flying them and their equipment into Mavinga.[1][3]:215 Having learnt from SADF reconnaissance units around
the Cuito Cuanavale airfield that the Angolan brigades were being supplied by helicopter, SAAF Atlas Impalas were
sent to intercept these Mil Mi-17 and Mil Mi-25 helicopters when alerted to their movements by those reconnaissance
units.[3]:218 Eventually the Angolans lost 10 helicopters and started using smaller Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs to resupply
their forces. Ten Soviet advisors were also killed as they landed at Cuito Cuanavale after being intercepted by a SAAF
Dassault Mirage F1.[5]:194
By 2 October, the Angolan brigades were 10 km from Mavinga but had suffered heavy losses from UNITA attacks and
the SADF MRLs.[3]:218 At this point FAPLA morale was low and with the evacuation of the Russian advisors[4]:245
the Angolan forces were beginning to desert. Over two days of air attacks by SAAF Impala and Mirage aircraft,
ground bombardments from the MRLs and with reduced supply and unit fighting ability,[6]:136 the Angolan brigades
were ordered to retreat westwards and then to head for Cuito Cuanavale. By 4 October, 32 Battalion units began to
withdraw.[3]:218
23.4 Vital air support
The SAAF played a very important role in logistical support to the SADF Forces and UNITA against a coalition of
Cuban and FAPLA troops moving in on Mavinga. The SAAF flew 310 night flying hours transporting mainly the
Valkiri Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and their 127 mm rockets, ammunition and food; and performing
Casualty Evacuation (Casevac) of wounded personnel. SAAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Transall C-160 and Douglas
C-47 Skytrain aircraft were used.
23.5 Aftermath
It was realised by the South Africans at the end of the operation that it would be impossible for UNITA forces to
stop a combined Angolan and Cuban force and that Mavinga would have fallen had it not been for the assistance of
the SADF.[3]:218 The Angolan forces back in their base, began to rebuild while waiting for the rainy season to end
and resume Operation Congresso II.[6]:136 The South African’s suffered one soldier accidentally killed,[3]:218 while
500 UNITA soldiers died and 1500 wounded[5]:195 with other sources claiming dead and wounded to be as high as
2500.[1] Angolan casualty figures range from 1589[3]:219 to 2500[5]:194 to as high as 4719[1] soldiers killed. Soviet
casualties are listed as 10 dead and 9 wounded, while the Cubans lost 56 men and 60 wounded.[5]:195
23.6 References
[1] Hamann, Hilton (2007). Days Of The Generals: The Untold Story of South Africas Apartheid-era Military Generals. Struik
Publishers. ISBN 1868723402.
[2] James, W. Martin (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. P. 123.
[3] Nortje, Piet (2004). 32 Battalion: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Elite Fighting Unit. Zebra. ISBN 1868729141.
[4] Scholtz, Leopold (2013). The SADF in the Border War 1966-1989. Cape Town: Tafelberg. ISBN 978-0-624-05410-8.
[5] George, Edward (2012). The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991. Routledge. ISBN 0415350158.
[6] Steenkamp, Willem (1989). South Africa’s Border War 1966 – 1989.
23.7 Further reading
• George, Edward (2005). The Cuban intervention in Angola : 1965-1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
(1. Publ. Ed.). London [u.a.]: Frank Cass. ISBN 0415350158.
• Hamann, Hilton (2001). Days of the generals (1st ed. Ed.). Cape Town: Zebra. ISBN 978-1868723409.
• Nortje, Piet (2004). 32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa’s elite fighting unit. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
ISBN 1868729141.
• Scholtz, Leopold (2013). The SADF in the Border War 1966-1989. Cape Town: Tafelberg. ISBN 978-0-624-
05410-8.
• Steenkamp, Willem (1989). South Africa’s border war, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub. ISBN 0620139676.
• Wilsworth, Clive (2010). First in, last out : the South African artillery in action 1975-1988. Johannesburg: 30
South. ISBN 978-1920143404.